by Mariya Rasner As usual, Turkmenistan’s political activities in 1999 saw President Saparmurat Niyazov’s efforts to maintain authoritarian control over the country. The government continued to disregard international criticism over human-rights abuses and preserved its pragmatic stance in issues concerning security in Central Asia and the status of the Caspian Sea. Economically, the country made […]

You have reached an article for premium members. To read this article please login if you are already a TOL member. Or continue to read our content from the past month.

You can subscribe here to gain access.